文明 ぶんめい開化 かいか bummeikaika Written Form Kana Romaji IPA Pronunciation English Pronunciation Open Menu Search Add to collection Add to collection... Entry Info... Help Help Meanings Pronunciation Comments Noun 1. civilization and enlightenment; Japan's Westernization movement during the Meiji era (Westernisation) Yojijukugo Word Pronunciation Help 文 文 DefaultA Romaji[ə] IPAŔ Englishあ Hiraganaア Katakana No variants available for this word. Sign in or join to leave a comment. No discussion yet. Share what you know about this word. Delete Comment ✕ Are you sure you want to delete this comment? This action cannot be undone. Cancel Delete
